12 Reasons for Acne Caused by Hormones
In each pore of our skin, we have sebaceous glands that produce sebum, an oil-like liquid, which helps to moisturize and protect our skin. When too many dead skin cells collect on the top of the skin in conjunction with high amounts of sebum, this can create a clog in our sebaceous glands and will result in inflammation. Our body will respond to this inflammation by sending white blood cells to the site of the clog which forms the white-headed pimples called acne. Imbalance hormone levels can impact the amount of oil we produce which causes hormonal acne.
Source: NIH
Here are 12 reasons for acne caused by hormones:
1. Estrogen Dominance
Estrogen dominance occurs when there is too much estrogen in relation to progesterone and is one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones. This is because balanced estrogen is beneficial for inhibiting androgen activity with sebaceous glands. Androgens are hormones that are more dominant in males, though females still require a certain amount. Additionally, estrogen can have regulatory effects on the genes that are active during acne production. When estrogen is produced too much, you can develop overly dry skin, which causes inflammation, irritation, and the sebaceous glands will respond by producing an excessive amount of oil to combat it.
Source: 25506579
2. Poor Estrogen Detox
Estrogen dominance can be caused by poor estrogen detox which makes it one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones. Estrogen gets eliminated through the 3 step detoxification process. There are 3 main steps to detoxification that occur in the liver and the gut. First, the estrogen is converted into another compound, next, that compound is packaged up with the help of a nutrient like amino acid, and finally, that new compound is excreted from the body. When one of these steps isn’t fulfilled, estrogen will not be eliminated and will recirculate in the body. Poor estrogen detox can be caused by poor gut health resulting in constipation because estrogen is not being excreted enough so levels rise.
Source: 25506579
3. Gut Imbalances
Another one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones is gut imbalances. The gut contains a large diversity of bacteria that aids us in regular bowel movements and digestion. When this bacteria is reduced or overpopulated, it can cause issues, one of these being acne. Studies have found that the gut microbiota or bacteria have a connection to acne production due to the inflammatory response it results in. In addition, studies have shown that gut flora can transport excess microbiota to the skin directly. This is because when the intestinal wall becomes permeable, the bacteria can enter the bloodstream and collect in the skin which can clog the pores to create acne.
Source: 31284694
4. Stress
Stress can have a negative effect on acne similar to how the gut affects it, and this is why stress is another one of the hormonal acne causes. Emotions that come with stress are anxiety, anger, and depression and these have been predicted to change the gut bacteria balance which will increase inflammation and lead to irritation. Other studies have looked at different mechanisms for why stress correlates positively with acne severity. One of these mechanisms is that stress can increase the androgen secretion from the adrenal glands which causes the sebaceous glands to grow larger. Additionally, the stress response leads to a release of Corticotropin-releasing hormone which is a derivative of cortisol, and this hormone leads to excess lipid production in the sebaceous glands. This is why stress is one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones
5. Dehydration
Dehydration is another one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones. Water is essential for skin function, and a study has found that increasing the consumption of water has beneficial effects on reducing acne. When we are dehydrated, there is not enough water to circulate the body, the organs will use up the water first to maintain their function, and the skin will receive whatever water is leftover. This causes the skin to dry up, and as a response, the sebaceous glands will produce more sebum in order to counteract this. This is why dehydration is one of the reasons for acne caused by hormonal acne because the skin can not properly determine how much sebum is too much in this situation of dehydration, and overproduction can occur.
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6. Elevated Testosterone
Elevated testosterone levels can also be one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones Testosterone gets converted in to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and this is what causes the increase in sebum in the sebaceous glands to further produce acne. When levels are high, then more oil is produced and acne can form. Noticing when breakouts occur on your skin is important too. This is because females naturally have an increase in testosterone around ovulation which causes an increase in libido. If you are noticing acne specifically during ovulation this may not be from high testosterone, but if the acne is occurring during any time of the cycle then it probably is one of the symptoms of high testosterone.
Source: 28178574
7. Elevated DHEA
Another one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones is elevated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. DHT is made from a reaction between testosterone and an enzyme called DHEA. DHT is what causes an increase in sebum in the sebaceous glands. Elevated DHEA will create more DHT leading to higher amounts of acne. Certain acne medications are made to inhibit the DHEA which subsequently will reduce testosterone and sebum production which will cause an overall decrease in hormonal acne.
8. Favoring the 5-Alpha Reductase Pathway
Favoring the 5-alpha reductase pathway is one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones. 5 alpha-reductase is an enzyme that helps to convert testosterone into DHT. This specific pathway is not the only way to produce DHT because the 5-beta pathway can be up to 3x less symptomatic for acne. There are also two forms of the 5 alpha-reductase pathway, type 1 and type 2. A study has found that the inhibition of the type 1 5 alpha-reductase pathway is beneficial to reduce sebum production and hormonal acne.
Source: 7636302
9. Low Healthy Fats
If you don’t eat enough healthy fats, this can be one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones. Healthy fats are unsaturated which means they have at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain. Polyunsaturated fats are fatty acids that contain at least 2 double bonds in the structure. Two types of polyunsaturated fats are omega 3 and omega 6. Most western diets consume a ratio of 1:20 of omega 3 to omega 6 when it should be 1:3. This evidence is correlated with acne incidence, showing that omega 6’s are pro-inflammatory and cause acne while omega 3’s have protective effects to decrease acne. Omega 6 sources include soybeans corn, safflower, sunflower oils, nuts, meat, poultry, and eggs. Omega 3 sources include oily fish such as salmon, herring, mackerel, and sardines; fish oil and flaxseed oil; flaxseeds, walnuts, and chia seeds.
Source: 20808513
10. Blood Sugar Imbalances
Blood sugar imbalances are very common in those with hormonal acne. Insulin is a hormone released from the pancreas when you eat food, and its job is to take sugar into cells for energy. Think of it like the cell accepting the sugar is a lock and insulin is the key. When you are insulin resistant and have blood sugar imbalances the cells deny the insulin with the sugar, so your blood sugar rises along with insulin levels. This would mean that the cell or “lock” changes so that the insulin or “key” no longer fits.
Insulin resistance causes high levels of testosterone because when insulin levels are high in the blood, it will stimulate an enzyme called 17-hydroxylase which will help the ovaries to produce more testosterone. Additionally, this process will inhibit the synthesis of a binding protein to testosterone which increases the abundance of free testosterone in the blood. This process results in an increase in DHT which makes blood sugar imbalances one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones.
11. Low Zinc
Another one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones is low zinc consumption. Zinc is a great mineral that can be used for a lot of health benefits, but it specifically can be beneficial for enhancing skin appearance and decreasing acne. A mechanism for this is that zinc has anti-inflammatory properties, and it can effectively reduce cutibacterium acnes which is a bacteria linked to acne production in the skin. Additionally, zinc can inhibit sebum secretion and production by its antiandrogenic property. Zinc balances out androgens which increase fertility and overall hormone balance.
Source: 25120566
12. Harsh Skincare Products
Harsh skin care products can also be one of the reasons for acne caused by hormones. This is because many skincare products contain chemicals that reduce transepidermal water loss, which is the moisture level in the outermost layer of skin. This layer of skin needs to be moisturized or else it can cause inflammation and irritation resulting in an overproduction of oil. Examples of some harsh chemicals to watch out for are benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and retinoids. They are found in moisturizers, facewashes, and daily creams ‘recommended for acne’.
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